1 Overview 1.2 The characteristics of wireless sensor networks are different from those of traditional networks. WSN can adjust its own configuration, such as node density and communication protocol, for different applications. Its main features are as follows. 2 key technologies of wireless sensor networks There are three general forms of WSN topology: cluster mode, plane structure, and stack structure. Each of the three structures has its own advantages and disadvantages. It needs to be flexibly selected in specific applications. When the node fails or joins a new node and the network topology changes greatly, it needs to be able to adapt to this change quickly and quickly make the network work normally. WSN needs good adaptability. 2.2 Node Hardware and Software System Integration Each node in the wireless sensor network is an embedded system, including power system, memory, microprocessor, wireless transceiver module and so on. In recent years, along with chip technology and embedded technology. With the development of MEMS technology, these components can be well integrated. Due to the limited energy of the nodes, design components such as wireless transceivers and microprocessors require less power consumption and can automatically save energy, such as sleep mode, to consume lower power when not participating in the work. These functions need to be integrated through the operating system. Currently, the most commonly used operating systems are uC-OS-2, embedded linux, and TInyOS operating systems. These operating systems have small kernels, modular design, and low resource consumption. Wireless sensor network performance. 2.3 related network protocols 2.4 Energy Management In the WSN, in order to save energy, both the node itself and the communication protocol need a more reasonable design to adapt to the need for the node to switch between work and sleep. The concept of energy control can be introduced through the control of application layer, network layer and access layer protocol to prolong the survival time of the network. In addition, it can be designed by combining link layer response and network layer response across layers to meet performance requirements and reduce power consumption. 2.5 Wireless Sensor Network Security Issues Due to the particularity of its transmission channel, wireless sensor networks are particularly important for their security issues. For example, the 802.11 wireless protocol has serious security vulnerabilities, and hackers can interfere with the wireless network through software and hardware tools. Current wireless sensor network security research includes: information authentication, information encryption, intrusion detection, prevention and attack. 3 The application of wireless sensor networks analyzes the characteristics of random distribution of wireless sensor networks, which are widely used in environment, medical care and home office. 3.1 Environmental Monitoring Sensors The low cost and easy layout of network nodes is very suitable for environmental monitoring. For example, in water environment applications, focusing on water environment monitoring and WSN characteristics, focusing on data fusion and aggregation techniques to ensure water pollution, etc. The correct rate of the alarm; in addition, it can be applied to the migration tracking of birds and insects, the monitoring of large-scale geological structures, and the early warning of forest fires. 3.2 Medical aspects The application of wireless sensor networks in medical applications includes: wireless monitoring of human physiological data, WSN can collect human physiological data for a long time for medical departments to research and apply; monitor and track medical staff and patients in hospitals, let The patient wears a micro-sensor that performs special tasks to monitor the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and other indicators, and the doctor can keep in touch with the patient in real time. This will solve the problem in a timely manner. 3.4 Home and office automation With the development of technology, the sensor network can be embedded in household appliances such as vacuum cleaners, microwave ovens, refrigerators, etc. These appliances can be connected to the Internet through mobile phones, PDAs, mobile phones and sensor nodes. Interactive, convenient for remote monitoring and operation; you can also place sensors in books, office documents and other files to accurately locate the files and achieve office automation. 4 Conclusion Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging next-generation wireless network, which has broad application prospects in all aspects of social production and people's life. This paper introduces the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, discusses the key technologies of wireless sensor networks and their applications in industry, environment, and people's lives. 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1.1 Introduction to Wireless Sensor Network Wireless sensor network is a comprehensive intelligent information system integrating data acquisition, information transmission and information processing. It combines theories of electronic technology, computer technology, wireless communication technology, and distributed information processing. It can monitor and sense the environment in its coverage area and the status of each monitored object in real time, and then send the data information to the wireless transmission mode. Control center for the observer to process.
(1) Node energy is limited. The nodes in the WSN are usually powered by batteries. Because the capacity of the battery generally cannot maintain the normal working hours of the nodes, and the wireless sensing nodes are often deployed in the field environment, the batteries cannot be charged or replaced in time. When the battery is exhausted, the nodes are also It will then fail.
(2) Node processing capability is limited. The nodes in the wireless sensor network are affected by the volume and cost. The memory and the processor cannot be compared with the ordinary computer, and the processing and computing data are limited. This determines that the node design of the wireless sensor network cannot be too complicated. .
(3) WSN is a self-organizing network. The sensor nodes form a WSN through self-organizing distribution. Most of the networks are configured in Adhoc mode. Each node in the network acts as both a host and a router, and has path addressing and maintenance functions. Due to the characteristics of the sensor nodes themselves, the network topology often changes. Therefore, nodes need to have the function of maintaining dynamic routing to ensure the normal operation of the network.
(4) Data-centric. In the wireless sensor network, in order to save energy consumption, it is required to reduce the amount of information transmission as much as possible under the premise of ensuring communication quality, and only need to collect and transmit information data of interest to the user, that is, WSN is a kind of data. Central network.
2.1 Self-organization and self-management of the network
WSN adopts wireless self-organizing mode for networking. After the node is placed in the detection area, the detected information is collected, and the information is sent to the adjacent node, and the link connection information around it is sent back to the sink node, and the sink node takes the slave node. After all the information is summarized and analyzed, information such as the topology of the network and the transmission route can be obtained.
WSN and traditional networks are quite different in function. The traditional network is centered on the transmission of data, and the nodes in the middle mainly perform data forwarding without processing the analysis data. The sensor network is data-centric, and the intermediate node not only forwards the data, but also needs the functions of effective data fusion and other processing. Therefore, the traditional Ad-self-organizing network protocol is not completely suitable for the characteristics of the wireless sensor network. And requirements, so there must be a more suitable protocol for routing.